Thematic Analysis of the Pathologies of the Online Evaluation System for the Academic Progress of High School Students from Experts’ Perspectives
Keywords:
educational assessment, artificial intelligence, digital pedagogy , thematic analysis, high school education, academic progress , Online evaluationAbstract
This study aimed to identify and thematically analyze the pathologies of the online evaluation system for the academic progress of high school students from the perspectives of educational experts. This qualitative research employed a phenomenological approach. The study population included secondary school teachers and educational specialists in Kurdistan Province during the 2022–2023 academic year. Using purposive theoretical sampling, 15 experts experienced in online assessment practices were selected. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via open, axial, and selective coding using NVivo software. Credibility was enhanced through participant validation, analytical triangulation, and peer debriefing to ensure interpretive reliability. Thematic analysis revealed three overarching categories of online evaluation pathologies: instructional and infrastructural dysfunctions, human and managerial challenges, and ethical and psychological complications. Eight subthemes were identified, including lack of formative feedback, infrastructural deficiencies, limited digital competence among teachers, academic dishonesty among students, parental interference, psychological stress, decreased human interaction, and lack of digital culture. The findings indicate that inadequate feedback, weak digital literacy, and unstable technological infrastructure are the primary factors undermining the effectiveness and fairness of online evaluation systems in secondary education. The study concludes that despite the technological potential of online assessment, it remains constrained by structural, pedagogical, and ethical deficiencies. Enhancing teachers’ digital competence, improving infrastructure, and establishing clear ethical frameworks are essential steps toward strengthening the validity, reliability, and equity of online evaluation practices.
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