Predicting Entrepreneurial Intention Based on Job Self-Efficacy with the Mediating Role of Spiritual Intelligence among Upper Secondary School Students
Keywords:
Entrepreneurship intent, job self -efficacy, spiritual intelligenceAbstract
The present study aimed to predict entrepreneurial intention based on job self-efficacy, considering the mediating role of spiritual intelligence among upper secondary school students. In terms of purpose, the research was applied; regarding data type, it was quantitative; and in terms of design (nature), it was descriptive-analytical with a correlational approach. The statistical population included all upper secondary school students in Qom city during the 2023–2024 academic year. A sample of 500 respondents was selected using the minimum sample size calculation in structural equation modeling and a multistage cluster random sampling method. Data collection utilized standardized questionnaires: the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire by Liñán and Chen (2009), the Job Self-Efficacy Scale by Riggs and Knight (1994), and the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24) by King (2008). To assess validity, content validity (Lawshe's method) and construct validity, including convergent validity (AVE > 0.5) and discriminant validity (MSV < AVE, ASV < AVE, HTMT < 0.85), were employed. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and McDonald's omega coefficients (α, CR, ω > 0.7). Findings indicated that the research instruments possessed acceptable validity and reliability. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. The results demonstrated that the direct effect of job self-efficacy (β = 0.64, p < 0.001) on entrepreneurial intention was significant. Additionally, spiritual intelligence played a significant mediating role in the relationship between job self-efficacy (β = 0.53, p < 0.001) and entrepreneurial intention. The research model exhibited a good fit (RMSEA = 0.03, SRMR = 0.05, p > 0.05), explaining 73% of the variance in entrepreneurial intention. Based on these findings, it is recommended to utilize the results of this study to enhance entrepreneurial intention among upper secondary school students. Furthermore, the outcomes can assist educational policymakers in designing comprehensive and effective programs to foster entrepreneurship in the younger generation.
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